[17]从国内外学者的论述来看，国际关系地区主义中的地区有以下几个特点：其本意是一个地理单位；强调国家间的互动；处于单个国家和全球整体之间；是一个功能单位；观念建构。国外学者对地区的定义和分类，可参阅：M.Smith，Regions and Regionalism？in B.While，R.Little and M.Smith，eds.，Issues in World Politics，Macmillan Press Ltd.，1997，p.70；Joseph S.Nye，ed.，International Regionalism：Readings，Boston：Little Brown&；Company，1968，p.5；Karl W.Deutsch，“On Nationalism，World Region，and the Nature of the West”，in Per Torsvik，ed.，Mobilization，Center‐Periphery Structures and Nation Building：A Volume in Commemoration of Stein Rokkan，Bergen：Uiversitets for laget，1981，p.54；Louis J.Cantori，Steven L.Spiegal，The International Politics of Regions：A Comp a rative Approach，Englewood Cliffs，NJ：Prentice Hill，1970，p.607；William R.Thompson，“The Regional Subsystem：A Conceptual Explication and a Propositional Inventory”，International Studies Quarterly，Vol.17，No.1，March 1973，p.101；Bruce M.Russett，International Regions and the International System：A Study in Political Ecology，Chicago：Rand&；Mcnally&；Company，1967，p.11.国内学者关于地区和地区主义概念的探讨，参阅肖欢容：《地区主义：理论的历史演进》，北京广播学院出版社2003年版，第1－14页；耿协峰：《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》，北京大学出版社2003年版，第18－38页。
[18]Strobe Talbott，Engaging India：Diplomacy，Democracy，and the Bomb，Washington，D.C.：The Brookings Institution Press，2004；New Delhi：Penguin Books India，2004，pp.28－29.
[19]如巴基斯坦是联合国维和行动的重要贡献者。巴基斯坦分别派遣了6000和3000人参加联合国在索马里和波斯尼亚的维和行动。
[20]Lee A.Feinstein，“After the Attacks：India Pakistan Relations and U.S.Policy Tow and the Subcontinent After September 11”，in Michael Kraig and James Henderson，eds.，“U.S.Strategies for Regional Security：South Asia”，Report of the 42nd Strategy for Peace Conference，War rent on，Virginia，2001.
[21]Selig S.Harrison and Geofrey Kemp，“India and American after the Cold War”，Washington，D.C.：Carnegie Endowment Study Report，1993.
[22]“South Asia and the United States After the Cold War”，Report of a Study Mission sponsored by The Asia Society，New York，1994，in http：//www.asiasociety.org/publications/saandus＿index.html.
[23]Richard N，Haass，et al.，“A New U.S.Policy tow and India and Pakistan”，New York：The Council on Foreign Relations，1997.
[24]Frank G.Wisner II，etal，eds.，“U.S.Policy Tow and India，Pakistan，and Afghanistan”，Charimen's Reprot of an Independent Task Force Cosponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Asia Society，November 2003.
[25]Dennis Kux，India and the United States：Estranged Democracies 1941—1991，Washington，D.C.：National Defense University Press，1992.
[26]Dennis Kux，The United States and Pakistan 1947—2000：Disenchanted Allies，Washington，D.C.：Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Baltimore：John Hopkins University Press，2000.
[27]Shirin R.Tahir‐Kheli，India，Pakistan，and the United States：Breaking with the Past，New York：Council on Foreign Relations，1997.
[28]Selig S.Harrison，Demp Geoffrey，“India and America after the Cold War”，Report of the Carnegie Endowment Study Group on US‐India Relations in a Changing International Environment，1993.
[29]Arthur A.Hartman，Carla A.Hills，“South Asia and the United States After the Cold War”，The Asia Society，August 1994.
[30]Stephen P.Cohen，“India and America：An Emerging Relationship”，A Paper Presented to the Conference on the Nation‐State System and Transnational Force in South Asia，December 8－10，2000，Kyoto，Japan.
[31]Strobe Talbott，Engaging India：Diplomacy，Democracy，and the Bomb，New Delhi：Penguin Books India，2004.
[32]Justin Sommers，“The India‐China Relationship：W hat the United States Needs to Know”，Conference Report，Asian Society and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars，November 30，2001.该报告现已同时在美国和印度出版成书，见Francine R.Frankel，Harry Harding，eds.，The India‐China Relationship：W hat the United States Needs to Know，Washington，D.C.and New York：Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Columbia University Press，2004；Francine R.Frankel，Harry Harding，eds.，The India‐China Relationship：Rivalry and Engagement，New Delhi：Oxfordniversity Press India，2004.
