Addiction to athletic sports， not only in the way of direct participation， but also in the way of sentiment and moral support， is， in a more or less pronounced degree， a characteristic of the leisure class； and it is a trait which that class shares with the lower-class delinquents， and with such atavistic elements throughout the body of the community as are endowed with a dominant predaceous trend. Few individuals among the populations of Western civilized countries are so far devoid of the predaceous instinct as to find no diversion in contemplating athletic sports and games， but with the common run of individuals among the industrial classes the inclination to sports does not assert itself to the extent of constituting what may fairly be called a sporting habit. With these classes sports are an occasional diversion rather than a serious feature of life. This common body of the people can therefore not be said to cultivate the sporting propensity. Although it is not obsolete in the average of them， or even in any appreciable number of individuals， yet the predilection for sports in the commonplace industrial classes is of the nature of a reminiscence， more or less diverting as an occasional interest， rather than a vital and permanent interest that counts as a dominant factor in shaping the organic complex of habits of thought into which it enters.
As it manifests itself in the sporting life of today， this propensity may not appear to be an economic factor of grave consequence. Taken simply by itself it does not count for a great deal in its direct effects on the industrial efficiency or the consumption of any given individual； but the prevalence and the growth of the type of human nature of which this propensity is a characteristic feature is a matter of some consequence. It affects the economic life of the collectivity both as regards the rate of economic development and as regards the character of the results attained by the development. For better or worse， the fact that the popular habits of thought are in any degree dominated by this type of character can not but greatly affect the scope， direction， standards， and ideals of the collective economic life， as well as the degree of adjustment of the collective life to the environment.
Something to a like effect is to be said of other traits that go to make up the barbarian character. For the purposes of economic theory， these further barbarian traits may be taken as concomitant variations of that predaceous temper of which prowess is an expression. In great measure they are not primarily of an economic character， nor do they have much direct economic bearing. They serve to indicate the stage of economic evolution to which the individual possessed of them is adapted. They are of importance， therefore， as extraneous tests of the degree of adaptation of the character in which they are comprised to the economic exigencies of today， but they are also to some extent important as being aptitudes which themselves go to increase or diminish the economic serviceability of the individual.
As it finds expression in the life of the barbarian， prowess manifests itself in two main directions -- force and fraud. In varying degrees these two forms of expression are similarly present in modern warfare， in the pecuniary occupations， and in sports and games. Both lines of aptitudes are cultivated and strengthened by the life of sport as well as by the more serious forms of emulative life. Strategy or cunning is an element invariably present in games， as also in warlike pursuits and in the chase. In all of these employments strategy tends to develop into finesse and chicanery. Chicanery， falsehood， browbeating， hold a well-secured place in the method of procedure of any athletic contest and in games generally. The habitual employment of an umpire， and the minute technical regulations governing the limits and details of permissible fraud and strategic advantage， sufficiently attest the fact that fraudulent practices and attempts to overreach one's opponents are not adventitious features of the game. In the nature of the case habituation to sports should conduce to a fuller development of the aptitude for fraud； and the prevalence in the community of that predatory temperament which inclines men to sports connotes a prevalence of sharp practice and callous disregard of the interests of others， inDividually and collectively. Resort to fraud， in any guise and under any legitimation of law or custom， is an expression of a narrowly self-regarding habit of mind. It is needless to dwell at any length on the economic value of this feature of the sporting character.
In this connection it is to be noteD that the most obvious characteristic of the physiognomy affected by athletic and other sporting men is that of an extreme astuteness. The gifts and exploits of Ulysses are scarcely second to those of Achilles， either in their substantial furtherance of the game or in the 閏lat which they give the astute sporting man among his associates. The pantomime of astuteness is commonly the first step in that assimilation to the professional sporting man which a youth undergoes after matriculation in any reputable school， of the secondary or the higher education， as the case may be. And the physiognomy of astuteness， as a decorative feature， never ceases to receive the thoughtful attention of men whose serious interest lies in athletic games， races， or other contests of a similar emulative nature. As a further indication of their spiritual kinship， it may be pointed out that the members of the lower delinquent class usually show this physiognomy of astuteness in a marked degree， and that they very commonly show the same histrionic exaggeration of it that is often seen in the young candidate for athletic honors. This， by the way， is the most legible mark of what is vulgarly called "toughness" in youthful aspirants for a bad name.
The astute man， it may be remarked， is of no economic value to the community -- unless it be for the purpose of sharp practice in dealings with other communities. His functioning is not a furtherance of the generic life process. At its best， in its direct economic bearing， it is a conversion of the economic substance of the collectivity to a growth alien to the collective life process -- very much after the analogy of what in medicine would be called a benign tumor， with some tendency to transgress the uncertain line that divides the benign from the malign growths. The two barbarian traits， ferocity and astuteness， go to make up the predaceous temper or spiritual attitude. They are the expressions of a narrowly self-regarding habit of mind. Both are highly serviceable for individual expediency in a life looking to invidious success. Both also have a high aesthetic value. Both are fostered by the pecuniary culture. But both alike are of no use for the purposes of the collective life.
